Jan 03 2012

German Field Army Groups

The German Field Army groups had no fixed organization. During the first two years of World War II, there were five army groups: two (Nord and Sud) for the Polish campaign, and three more (A-B-C) for the Western campaigns. Each Army Group (Heeresgruppe) was composed of two or three armies with perhaps 400,000 men. There were 14 armies, each Army (Armee) was composed of three or four corps with about 200,000 men, and, from June 1940, two reinforced Armored Corps, called Panzergruppe or Armored Groups (von Kleist and Guderian) each one controlling three motorized corps. Altogether, there were 33 corps (1-13,17,21,23-30,38,40,42-4,46-9), each Corps (Korps) with two to five infantry divisions and perhaps 60,000 men; and seven motorized corps, each Motorized Corps (Korps(mot)) with two or three armored and motorized divisions, and one (XV) with three light divisions. One cavalry division and the four mountain divisions came directly under the control of their respective armies.

During the Blitzkrieg period 143 infantry divisions were formed, their quality depending on the "Wave" (Welle), to which they belonged. In addition to the 35 well-established peacetime 1st Wave divisions (1-46 series), there were divisions of elderly veterans or untrained reservists or recruits hastily assembled from occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as the nine Replacement Divisions (Ersatzdivisionen) of the 10th Wave (270-280 series). Each infantry division (Infanteriedivision) of 16,977 men was made up of three infantry regiments plus divisional support units: one four-battalion artillery regiment; a reconnaissance battalion, with mounted, bicycle and support squadrons; an anti-tank battalion; an engineer battalion; a signals battalion; and divisional services – up to ten motorized and horse-drawn transport columns; a medical company, a motorized field hospital and veterinary company; a Military Police Troop and a Field Post Office.

An infantry regiment with 3,049 men (Infanterieregiment) had three infantry battalions, a 180-strong infantry gun company and a 170-strong anti-tank company. A battalion (Bataillon) of 860 men had three rifle companies and a 190-strong machine gun (actually a support) company. A 201-strong rifle company (Schutzenkompanie) had three rifle platoons, and each 50-strong rifle platoon (Schutzenzug) was composed of a platoon staff, a light-grenade-launcher team and four rifle sections, each section (Schutzengruppe) having ten men.

Jan 03 2012

Obice da 210 /22 Howitzer

The Obice da 210 /22 Modello 35 was a 210mm-caliber Italian heavy howitzer used during World War II on the Eastern Front. Although shown in prototype form in 1935, it was not accepted for service until 1938 when a production order for no less than 346 was placed. The Obice da modello 35 was a very sound and modern design, but the Italian industry could not produce this gun with sufficient speed. It used a split-trail carriage with two road wheels on each side. When the howitzer went into action these wheels were raised off the ground and the weight was assumed by a firing platform under the main axle. The entire weapon could then be traversed easily through 360° once the stakes that anchored the trail spades to the ground had been raised.

Despite the good intentions of the Italian army, it had to enter the war with its antique gun park still largely undisturbed by modern equipments, and by the autumn of 1942 the grand total of the Obice da 210 /22 howitzers was still only 20, five of them in Italy and the rest in action in the Soviet Union. Part of this state of affairs was due to the fact that despite the requirements of the Italian army, themodello 35 howitzers were sold to Hungary as they came off the production line, no doubt in exchange for raw materials and food products. The Hungarians found it necessary to make their own carriage modifications to suit this 21-cm 39.M to the rigours of their service and eventually set up their own 21-cm 40.M and finally 21-cm 40a.M production line in 1943. At the time of the Italian surrender, the 210 /22 howitzers operated by the Italian Army were promptly taken over and manned by the Germans, and made their contribution to the tenacious defense of the peninsula until 1945.

Specifications

Type: heavy howitzer
Country of origin: Italy
Operators: Italian and Hungarian armies
Caliber: 210mm (8.26 in)
Shell: 133 kg (293.2 lb)
Barrel length: 5 m ( 16 ft 4,85 in)
Muzzle velocity: 560 m/s
Maximum range: 15.4 km (16,850 yards)
Weight: 15,885 kg (35,020 lb)

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