The Milkor MGL Mk 1 is a six-shot revolver grenade launcher. "MGL" standing for Multiple Grenade Launcher, it was developed by Mechem and Milkor in South Africa and is presently manufactured by Armscor; it has been in service in the South African Army since 1983. Built largely of steel, this 40mm multiple grenade launcher has a 12in-long barrel and weighs 12 lb. Indexing is performed by a spring, wound by rotating the cylinder manually when it is swung out of the frame for loading. Its maximum range is around 1,150 ft (350 m). The MGL is a rugged and reliable weapon, fitted with a folding stock which may be put straight out for normal use. Some models of the Milkor MGL are equipped with the Armson Occluded Eye Gunsight. The grenade launcher is also fitted with an artificial boresight which can be used to zero the sight. This lethal weapon can also shoot special gadgets, which include parachuting video cameras and infrared flares to give the soldiers a clear view of the battlefield. Several countries has imported this weapon, including the USA, Chile, Peru, Brasil, Croatia, etc.

Type: six-shot grenade launcher
Country of origin: South Africa
Manufacturer: Milkor and Armscor
Caliber: 40mm
Barrel length: 12 in (30.5 cm)
weight: 12 lb (5.6 kg)
Range: 1,150 ft (350m)

The French Second Republic was created after the February revolution of 1848, which forced King Louis-Philippe I to abdicate, and lasted until 1852, when President Louis Napoleon established the Second Empire, proclaiming himself emperor as Napoleon III, after a plebiscite in which he had obtained the people’s approval.

Pressured by a bad economic situation, unemployment, and lack of basic political freedom, the French people had risen up against their king on February 23, 1848. When Louis Philippe I saw he could not control the popular revolt, he abdicated in favor of his grandson Philippe, count of Paris. However, the legislative chamber established a provisional government, under Alphonse de Lamartine, who proclaimed the French Second Republic. In June another violent revolt broke out, led by socialists, but this time it was crushed by General Louis-Eugene Cavaignac. On November 4, a new constitution was approved and a presidential election took place in December 1848, in which Louis Napoleon, who was nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president of the Second Republic.

Louis Napoleon (1803-1873) was elected president of the French Second Republic from 1848 to December 1851, and emperor of the Second French Empire, with the title of Napoleon III, from 1851 to 1870. Born on April 20, 1808, to Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, he was nephew of the French Emperor.

During his government, Louis Napoleon had new railroads built, telegraph lines strung, modernizing France with many projects that created infrastructure as Paris was embellished with new buildings and parks. During this period France successfully took part in the Crimean War in 1856, being allied of England for the first time in history, defeating the Russians. However, his political and military intervention in Mexico ended in a fiasco when Maximilian I was defeated by Benito Juarez in 1867. The French Second Empire was abruptly terminated by the Prussian Army, which defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).

The Ingram Mac 10 was a 9mm-caliber sub-machine gun made by Military Armament Corporation in the 1970s in Georgia, USA. Designed by Gordon B. Ingram, it used a straight blow-back system, firing with an open bolt. It was fed by a 32-round detachable box magazine, which was fixed into the pistol grip. The Mac 10 had a rate of fire of 1,100 rounds per minute and was fitted with a folding stock. This sub-machine gun was capable of emptying its 32-round magazine in 1.5 second and could use a sound suppressor. The Ingram Mac 10 was used by the US SEALS in the last stages of the Vietnam War.

Type: sub-machine gun
Country of Origin: USA
Manufacturer: Military Armament Corporation
Caliber: 9mm
Cartridge: 9x19mm Parabellum
Barrel length: 5 in (146 mm)
Muzzle velocity: 366 m/s (1,201 ft/s)
Effective range: 60 m (62 yds)
Feed: 32 round fox magazine
Weight: 7 lb (3.4 kg)

The 1848 revolutions in France were the two popular revolts that took place in Paris, France, in February and in June 1848, respectively. The first revolution was an uprising of the people against the King Louis Philippe I, forcing him to abdicate due to the bad economic situation, rampant unemployment, and the limitations imposed by the government on some political liberties, such as the right of assembly and demonstrations with the right of voting also being curtailed from certain sectors of the French population.

On October 23, 1848, the new constitution was approved. The presidential elections were scheduled for December 10, 1848. Supported by the peasantry, the petit bourgeoisie (owners of small properties, merchants, shopkeepers, etc.) and a sector of the working class, Louis Napoleon won the presidential election by a wide margin over the current provisional president, Louis Cavaignac, and the socialist Alexandre Ledru-Rollin.