The French Second Republic was created after the February revolution of 1848, which forced King Louis-Philippe I to abdicate, and lasted until 1852, when President Louis Napoleon established the Second Empire, proclaiming himself emperor as Napoleon III, after a plebiscite in which he had obtained the people’s approval. Pressured by a bad economic situation, unemployment, [...]

The 1848 revolutions in France were the two popular revolts that took place in Paris, France, in February and in June 1848, respectively. The first revolution was an uprising of the people against the King Louis Philippe I, forcing him to abdicate due to the bad economic situation, rampant unemployment, and the limitations imposed by [...]

On the eve of the French Revolution the political situation in Europe was remarkably simple. The Continent was dominated by five great powers: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Their neighbors – Spain, Sweden, and Turkey – had all once enjoyed periods of economic, military, or naval greatness, but by the end of the 18th [...]

The settlement of Australia began with the establishment of a convicts colony at the end of the 18th century. Following the American Revolution, Britain was no longer able to transport convicts to North America. With jails and prison hulks already overcrowded, it was essential that an alternative be found quickly. In 1779, Joseph Banks suggested [...]

Although Captain James Cook is popularly credited with Australia discovery, it was probably a Portuguese who first sighted the Australian continent, while credit for its earliest coastal exploration must go to a Dutchman. Portuguese navigators had come within sight of the coast in the first half of the 16th century, and in 1606, the Spaniard [...]

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed the Resolution 181, which was a plan to partition the British Mandate territory of Palestine into a Jewish State and an Arab State, with the Greater Jerusalem area under international control. The Jewish accepted the UN Resolution 181 and created the State of Israel, which [...]