History (fr. Latin historia, fr. Greek historia, knowing or learned)
History can be divided into Ancient Times, which is the period that begins with the invention of writing around 5000 BC until the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD; the Dark Ages, from 476 AD until the First Crusade; the Middle Ages, the period comprising the Crusades until the fall of Constantinople in the hands of the Turkish Empire in 1453; Modern Times, which begins in the 15th Century with the Humanism and Renaissance period and finishes in 1789, the year of the French Revolution; and Contemporary Times, from 1789 until today. This division of history is for a better comprehension of human events. The period before the beginning of history, that is to say the period before the invention of writing is known as prehistory; in order to know what happened or how human beings lived then, a researcher has to sift through the human remains, artifacts and weapons primitive men left behind.
History is an exact science, since what happened in a given period or date can not be altered or changed. It is exactly what happened and not in any other way. A historian, a history teacher, or a holliwood script writer, must not take a historical event out of context, for every human event, before occurring, matures in its particular environmental and cultural background. The usual mistake committed by a writer is to project his own present patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior back in time, giving historical characters values which surely they did not really had. Every historical character is the product of his epoch.
[...] is considered the first civilization in the world’s history. It developed in southern Mesopotamia, along the Euphrates river, as independent city-states and it [...]